Sexual Health in HIV-Positive Men Under Stable Antiretroviral Therapy During a 12-Month Period

Background: Sexual health is becoming increasingly important for many HIV-positive men undergoing highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) but remains frequently unaddressed in routine clinical consultation. Aim: To comprehensively evaluate sexual health in male patients with HIV on stable ART over a 12-month period. Methods: The prospectively registered cohort study comprising 87 HIV-positive men on stable ART (median age: 43 years) was conducted between 2011 and 2015 at a university hospital. Patients were enrolled from the outpatient infectious disease unit and underwent an extensive andrological workup to assess parameters of sexual health (questionnaires, sex hormones, ultrasound, 2-glass urine test including semen analysis with microbiological and viral diagnostics). The study period per patient lasted 12 months. Outcome: The primary endpoint was the impact of chronic HIV infection on sexual health. Results: Although, on average, sexual health was fine at baseline, 56% of the patients reported erectile dysfunction, 28% experienced reduced libido, 5% had hypogonadism, 36% showed at least 1 atrophic testicle with a volume of <10 ml, 8% suffered bacterial sexually transmitted infections, 35% had seminal inflammation, and up to 47% showed reduced sperm quality. Sexual satisfaction was linked to mental health (12-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire) and International Index of Erectile Function scores. During the study period, the collected parameters on sexual health were generally stable. However, 35% of patients had new sex partners (median: 5 partners), 7% had fathered a child or were planning procreation, 47% reported changed libido, 17% suffered bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the urogenital tract, 16% revealed a positive HIV viral load in blood, 11% had a positive HIV viral load in semen, and 28% were treated for andrological disorders. Clinical implications: Sexual ill-health exists in about one third of patients. This manifests itself in sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted infections, urogenital tract inflammation, and abnormal sperm parameters, all of which require adequate counseling and therapy. Strength and limitations: The strength of this study is its comprehensive analysis of male sexual health over a 12 month period of stable ART treatment. Limitations are a heterogeneous patient cohort and a rather small percentage of patients with a positive HIV viral load in blood or semen, which prevented multivariate risk analysis. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that sexual health should be actively taken into account in the routine consultation by infectious disease specialists, and an interdisciplinary approach is desirable in the case of symptoms or signs of sexual ill-health. Copyright (C) 2020, International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.