Increased cortisol levels are associated with low treatment retention in crack cocaine users

Background: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with craving and early relapse among individuals with substance use disorders. However, no association has been postulated regarding treatment retention and prognosis in crack cocaine users. Objective: Our aim was to investigate the association between morning salivary cortisol levels and treatment retention in crack cocaine users. Methods: 44 male crack cocaine users were recruited from a detoxification unit. Saliva collection was performed in the morning of the second treatment day. Substance use profile was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index. Results: The median length of stay in inpatient treatment was 7 days (IQR 3-16). Treatment retention was associated with cortisol levels (r = -0.324; p = 0.032), especially in the group with positive family history. Moreover, treatment retention was correlated with age (r = 0.333, p = 0.027), and number of days of tobacco use (r = 0.332, p = 0.028) and crack use (r = 0.327, p = 0.031). A Cox regression model was performed and showed that inpatients with above normal cortisol levels (>= 0.69 mu g/dL) presented a worse prognostic related to treatment retention (HR = 2.39, CI 95% 1.1-5.1, p = 0.024). Conclusion: Several factors could contribute to increased cortisol levels in these patients, e.g. craving, dysregulation of the HPA axis, chronic drug use, stress due to confinement, and substance abstinence. Nevertheless, our findings could guide further studies about new biomarkers in crack cocaine use disorder, since HPA axis dysregulation at the time of treatment admittance may be a prognostic marker for treatment retention.