Finite element simulation of welding processes using a solid-shell element

A solid-shell finite element (FE), suitable for simulation of arc-welding processes, is developed. The element formulation is based upon the Taylor series expansion of the strain matrix, and the so-called hyperelastic formulation is adopted for FE formulation. The B-bar approach is employed and the shear-strain operator is modified to eliminate various locking modes. The welding constitutive equation, including phase transformation and transformational plasticity, is implemented into the solid-shell element. This shows an excellent performance for large aspect ratios, so that this element surmounts the limitation of the regular solid element with regard to welding, particularly when specimens are subject to welding under mechanical loadings.