Polio - The old foe and new challenges: An update for clinicians

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative since 1988 has seen the impact of poliovirus decline from frequent global epidemics in the early 1900s to being now only endemic in two countries today. Global vaccination programmes and surveillance for the disease have resulted in the landmark eradication of two of the three poliovirus strains in the last 5 years. Australia continues to contribute to global surveillance efforts for the disease via the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance Network, which aim to detect cases of acute flaccid paralysis in children, the key clinical feature of poliomyelitis. Today, in the era of the polio 'endgame', there is growing recognition of non-polio enteroviruses causing paralytic diseases that are polio-like, particularly in children, with an increased need for awareness and vigilance by paediatric clinicians.