A Review of Cometary Outbursts at Large Heliocentric Distances

The outbursts of comets, sudden large increases in their luminosity, are still very interesting and mysterious signs of activity of this celestial bodies. Most of the cometary outbursts are taking place at heliocentric distances where sublimation of water ice plays an important role in the activity of comets. However, the phenomenon is also observed far away from the Sun (i.e. similar or equal to 5-20 au) where the sublimation of water ice is negligible and the activity of comets is dominated by more volatile chemicals. Not only typical comets show 'cometary-like' activity but also Centaurs. In addition to the long-term changes in brightness related to heliocentric distances and short-periodic variations connected with the rotation of the nucleus, they also exhibit a random variations in luminosity which are similar to the cometary outbursts. Paper presents an overview of the most likely hypotheses and models which try to explain this phenomenon.