Effects of Altitude on Performance of Elite Track-and-Field Athletes

Purpose: Lower barometric air pressure at altitude can affect competitive performance of athletes in some sports. Reported here are the effects of various altitudes on elite track-and-field athletes' performance. Methods: Lifetime track-and-field performances of athletes placed in the top 16 in at least 1 major international competition between 2000 and 2009 were downloaded from the database at tilastopaja.org. There were 132,104 performances of 1889 athletes at 794 venues. Performances were logtransformed and analyzed using a mixed linear model with fixed effects for 6 levels of altitude and random quadratic effects to adjust for athlete age. Results: Men's and women's sprint events (100-400 m) showed marginal improvements of similar to 0.2% at altitudes of 500-999 m, and above 1500 m all but the 100- and 110-m hurdles showed substantial improvements of 0.3-0.7%. Some middle- and long-distance events (800-10,000 m) showed marginal impairments at altitudes above 150 m, but above 1000 m the impairments increased dramatically to similar to 2-4% for events >800 m. There was no consistent trend in the effects of altitude on field events up to 1000 m; above 1000 m, hammer throw showed a marginal improvement of similar to 1% and discus was impaired by 1-2%. Above 1500 m, triple jump and long jump showed marginal improvements of similar to 1%. Conclusions: In middleand long-distance runners, altitudes as low as 150 to 299 m can impair performance. Higher altitudes (>= 1000 m) are generally required before decreases in discus performance or enhancements in sprinting, triple and long jump, or hammer throw are seen.