Morainal bank progradation and sediment accumulation in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska: Response to advancing Hubbard Glacier

Morainal banks are primary features at the margins of advancing and stable to quasi-stable temperate tidewater glaciers, yet their roles in glacier dynamics and terminus stability are poorly defined by submarine observations. Analysis of new and archival multibeam data and Landsat images of the advancing Hubbard Glacier, southeast Alaska, reveal that between 1978 and 2010 the ice face and morainal bank advanced together at an average rate of similar to 34 m/yr, varying spatially and temporally between 14 and 80 m/yr. Morphological features including gullies and a boulder lag suggest cyclical deposition and gravitational erosion on the proximal slope of the morainal bank (15-18 degrees), and possible ice pushing in an area without recent sedimentation. In contrast, the morainal bank of the nearby, quasi-stable (surging) Turner Glacier advanced steadily since 1978 by proximal sedimentation on the steep fjord wall below its hanging valley. Sedimentation in the deep (> 220 m) basin of Disenchantment Bay increased from 0.88 m/yr spanning 1978 to 1999, to 1.22 m/yr thereafter. This change appears to be a combined response to glacier advance and sediment dispersal farther down-fjord, and to an increase in sediment yield from other glacial and non-glacial sources. Analysis of Hubbard Glacier illustrates the direct correlation between movement of the terminus and morainal bank in advancing the grounding line of a marine-terminating glacier, and that morainal banks provide a fundamental stabilizing role for advance into a deep-water fjord, compensating for changes in water depth at the grounding line.