Electronic structure and spontaneous magnetization in Mn-doped SnO2

Mn-doped SnO 2 is a promising dilute magnetic semiconductor; however, there are many inconsistent reports on the magnetic ordering in the literature. We investigate the magnetic ordering and the local electronic structure in stoichiometric and Mn-doped (with Mn concentrations of 1at.%, 3at.%, and 6at.%) SnO 2 using magnetization measurements, Mn L 2 , 3-edge and O K-edge x-ray absorption fine structure measurements, and density functional theory and model Hamiltonian calculations. We find that paramagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior is present as a function of Mn concentration and, in particular, that paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic order coexist independently in Mn(6%):SnO 2. Simultaneously, we find that Mn 2 +, Mn 3 +, and Mn 4 + also coexist in Mn(6%):SnO 2. These findings demonstrate the care needed to study Mn:SnO 2 and point to the wealth of magnetic behaviors that might be realized with careful control of synthesis conditions.