Submicrometer Aerosol in Rural and Urban Backgrounds in Southern Poland: Primary and Secondary Components of PM1

Diurnal samples of PM1 (submicrometer particles, having aerodynamic diameters not greater than 1 mu m) were collected at an urban background site in Zabrze (from 01.08. to 31.12.2009) and a rural background site in Racibrz (from 01.08. to 31.12.2010). The samples were analyzed for carbon (organic and elemental), water soluble ions (Na+, NH4 (+), K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 (-), SO4 (2-)) and concentrations of 21 elements by using, respectively, a Sunset Laboratory carbon analyzer, a Herisau Metrohm AG ion chromatograph, a PANalitycal Epsilon 5 spectrometer. To perform the monthly mass closure calculations for PM1, the chemical components were categorized into organic matter (OM), elemental carbon (EC), secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), crustal matter (CM), marine components (MC), other elements (OE) and unidentified matter (UM). The mass contributions of secondary (SOM) and primary (POM) organic matter to PM1 were also estimated. In average, 50 % of PM1 in Zabrze and 40 % in Racibrz were secondary aerosol coming from the transformations of its gaseous precursors. High concentrations and mass contributions of EC and OM to PM, and probable PM acidic nature in Zabrze, indicate particularly high hazard from the ambient submicrometer particles to the inhabitants of southern Poland.