Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization To Study Local Water Dynamics

Surface and internal water dynamics of molecules and soft matter are of great relevance to their structure and function, yet the experimental determination under ambient and steady-state conditions is challenging. One of the most powerful approaches to measure local water dynamics within 5 A distances is to utilize the modulation of the nuclear spin relaxation rate of water protons through their time-dependent dipolar coupling to paramagnetic probes, here nitroxide spin labels. We recently introduced a method to obtain local water dynamics through Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). This has a unique advantage over other related techniques available in that a highly amplified proton nuclear magnetic resonance signal carries the information, allowing the use of minute microliter sample volumes and 100 mu M sample concentrations. The outcome of our approach is the quantitative determination of the key DNP parameter known as the coupling factor, which provides local translational diffusion dynamics of the solvent within 5 angstrom of the spin label. In contrast to recent reports that the coupling factor for nitroxide radicals cannot be quantified due to the difficulty in determining the saturation factor for the spin label, we show the saturation factor can be accurately determined and for the first time present agreement between measurements and theory. We discuss the discrepancy between the related field cycling relaxometery technique and DNP in determining the coupling factor and present arguments in support of the DNP-determined value. DNP measurements of local hydration dynamics around nitroxides in bulk water and on the surface of proteins are presented.