Formal methods in dependable systems engineering: a survey of professionals from Europe and North America

Context Formal methods (FMs) have been around for a while, still being unclear how to leverage their benefits, overcome their challenges, and set new directions for their improvement towards a more successful transfer into practice. Objective We study the use of formal methods in mission-critical software domains, examining industrial and academic views. Method We perform a cross-sectional on-line survey. Results Our results indicate an increased intent to apply FMs in industry, suggesting a positively perceived usefulness. But the results also indicate a negatively perceived ease of use. Scalability, skills, and education seem to be among the key challenges to support this intent. Conclusions We present the largest study of this kind so far (N= 216), and our observations provide valuable insights, highlighting directions for future theoretical and empirical research of formal methods. Our findings are strongly coherent with earlier observations by Austin and Graeme (1993).