Commuter exposure to particulate matters in four common transportation modes in Nanjing

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major air pollutants in China. Traffic-related microenvironments are the typical scenarios exposed to high PM concentrations. This paper investigates the personal exposure to PM during commuting in Nanjing in four transportation modes, i.e. subway, bicycle, bus and walking. The measurements were conducted in a heavy-traffic street during rush hours in summer and winter. The result reveals significant PM concentration differences between various commuting modes. Passengers in subway cabin are exposed to lowest PM1 (38.3 mu g/m(3)) and PM2.5 (54.4 mu g/m(3)) concentrations, while passengers in subway station are exposed to highest PM2.5 (90.5 mu g/m(3)). Pedestrians are exposed to highest PM1 (59.5 mu g/m(3)). Both outdoor and indoor-generated particles contribute a lot to the particles in subway station and 63.4% of the PM2.5 generated in subway station are between 1 mu m and 2.5 mu m in size. Most particles in subway cabin are from subway station and most particles in bus cabin come from the outdoor air, while indoor sources contribute little. Spatial particle concentration variations were observed in subway station. The particle concentration at a deeper level is usually higher than the concentration at a shallower level. Substantial particles within 1-2.5 mu m in size were observed at the platform and the portion within 1-2.5 mu m decreased at shallower levels. The PM inhalation during subway trip is lowest while the inhalations during walking and cycling are more than 5 times higher. During a short distance subway trip, the exposure in subway station contributes most of the total particle inhalation during the entire subway trip.