A dynamic model of hedging and speculation in the commodity futures markets

Over the 1990-2010 time period, a dynamic interaction between spot and futures returns in five commodity markets (copper, cotton, oil, silver, and soybeans) is empirically validated. An error correction relationship for the cash returns and a non-linear parameterization of the corresponding futures returns are combined with a bivariate CCC-GARCH representation of the conditional variances. Hedgers and speculators are contemporaneously at work in the futures markets, the role of the latter being far from negligible. In order to capture the consequences of the growing turbulence of these markets, a two-state regime-switching model for futures returns is developed. In this way financial traders' time-varying risk appetites are allowed to interact with hedgers' demand in determining both future and spot prices. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.