Secondary Electron Emission Materials for Transmission Dynodes in Novel Photomultipliers: A Review

被引：62
|
作者：
Tao, Shu Xia [1 ,2 ]
Chan, Hong Wah [3 ,4 ]
van der Graaf, Harry [3 ,4 ]
机构：
[1] Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
[2] Dutch Inst Fundamental Energy Res DIFFER, Ctr Computat Energy Res, NL-5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands
[3] Delft Univ Technol, Dept Microelect, NL-2600 AA Delft, Netherlands
[4] Natl Inst Subat Phys Nikhef, Sci Pk 105, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
来源：
MATERIALS | 2016年 / 9卷 / 12期
基金：
欧洲研究理事会;
关键词：
photon detector; photomultiplier; transmission dynode; secondary electron emission; secondary electron yield; atomic layer deposition; ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION; SINGLE CRYSTALS; AFFINITY; YIELD; DFT;
D O I：
10.3390/ma9121017
中图分类号：
O64 [物理化学（理论化学）、化学物理学];
学科分类号：
070304 ; 081704 ;
摘要：
Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes are listed in the order of the invention time with a special focus on the most recent atomic-layer-deposition synthesized transmission dynodes. Based on the knowledge gained from the survey of secondary election emission materials with high secondary electron yield, an outlook of possible improvements upon the state-of-the-art transmission dynodes is provided.
引用
收藏
页数：18
相关论文
共 50 条
  • [1] MICROWAVE PHOTOMULTIPLIERS USING TRANSMISSION DYNODES
    BLATTNER, D
    JOHNSON, H
    RUEDY, J
    STERZER, F
    RCA REVIEW, 1965, 26 (01): : 22 - &
  • [2] Investigation of the secondary electron emission characteristics of alternative dynode materials for imaging photomultipliers
    Lapington, J. S.
    Taillandier, V.
    Cann, B. L.
    Howorth, J.
    Milnes, J.
    JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION, 2012, 7
  • [3] Secondary electron emission from multi-layered TiN/Al2O3 transmission dynodes
    Chan, H. W.
    Prodanovic, V.
    Theulings, A. M. M. G.
    Hagen, C. W.
    Sarro, P. M.
    v. d. Graaf, H.
    JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION, 2021, 16 (07)
  • [4] EFFECT OF ELECTRON FLIGHT PAST DYNODES ON DISTRIBUTION OF SINGLE-ELECTRON PULSES OF PHOTOMULTIPLIERS
    ZHELEZNYKH, IM
    LETYAGIN, VG
    POZOVNOI, VO
    SADYGOV, ZY
    INSTRUMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, 1989, 32 (03) : 662 - 664
  • [5] Electron Emission Processes in Photocathodes and Dynodes
    Smedley, J.
    Schubert, S.
    Xie, J.
    Ruiz-Oses, M.
    Liang, X.
    Muller, E.
    Padmore, H.
    Wong, J.
    Hulbert, S.
    Theulings, A. M. M. G.
    Tao, S.
    van der Graaf, H.
    2014 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM AND MEDICAL IMAGING CONFERENCE (NSS/MIC), 2014,
  • [6] PERFORMANCE STUDIES OF PHOTOMULTIPLIERS HAVING DYNODES WITH GAP(CS) SECONDARY EMITTING SURFACE
    LESKOVAR, B
    LO, CC
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, 1972, NS19 (03) : 50 - +
  • [7] SECONDARY EMISSION OF AGMGOCS DYNODES AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON TEMPERATURE
    DEMUNARI, GM
    MAMBRIAN.G
    GIUSIANO, F
    REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, 1967, 38 (04): : 551 - &
  • [8] INERTIAL COMPONENT OF SECONDARY-EMISSION COEFFICIENT OF PHOTOMULTIPLIER DYNODES
    PERTSEV, AN
    GULAKOV, IR
    LYUTSKO, AM
    MIN, NK
    PRIBORY I TEKHNIKA EKSPERIMENTA, 1972, (04): : 185 - &
  • [9] IMAGE INTENSIFICATION BY TRANSMISSION SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION
    WACHTEL, MM
    DOUGHTY, DD
    GOETZE, G
    ANDERSON, AE
    STERNGLASS, EJ
    REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, 1960, 31 (05): : 576 - 578
  • [10] RECORDING OF WEAK CURRENTS BY A SECONDARY ELECTRON MULTIPLIER WITH CONTINUOUS DYNODES
    GORGORAK.VI
    GERASIMO.AV
    INSTRUMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES-USSR, 1970, (03): : 873 - &
12345