From knowledge science to symbiosis science

In the mid-1980s, Brian Gaines first developed a model to predict the trajectory of progress in human-computer relationships, including how the knowledge science research programme would naturally transform itself over time into something he called "symbiosis science." In this article, we reflect both on the extraordinary prescience of this model, and the contributions and challenges faced by researchers intent on progressive achievement toward the aspirations it inspires. (C) 2012 Jeffrey M. Bradshaw. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.