Measuring the complex syntax of school-aged children in language sample analysis: A known-groups validation study

Background Complex syntax is affected by developmental language disorder (DLD) during the school years. Targeting areas of syntactic difficulty for children with DLD may yield useful assessment techniques. Aims To determine whether wh-movement can be measured in language samples from typically developing mono- and bilingual school-aged children, and, if so, to provide preliminary evidence of validity by comparison with traditional measures of syntax in a cross-sectional, known-groups design. Methods & Procedures Participants were 48 typically developing children recruited from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia in four groups: monolingual English and bilingual French-English children in early (7-8 years of age) and late (11-12 years of age) elementary school. Language samples were collected and analysed with mean use of wh-movement, mean length of utterance and clausal density. These measures were compared for effects of age, bilingual development and elicitation task. Outcomes & Results The results from all measures closely paralleled each other, providing preliminary evidence of validity. Wh-movement-based and traditional measures demonstrated similar age-related and discourse genre effects. Neither demonstrated an effect of mono- versus bilingual development. Conclusions & Implications The results confirm research interest in syntactic movement as an area of language assessment. Further research is required to understand its application to clinical populations. What this paper addsWhat this paper adds to existing knowledgeWhat is already known on the subjectWhat are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Complex syntax is known to be an area of difficulty for children with DLD. Certain syntactic constructions appear to be particularly difficult for these children. Assessments targeting these areas of difficulty are emerging. The paper compares traditional measures of syntax with measures based on wh-movement. It shows similar results for both types of measures, suggesting construct and convergent validity. Results suggest that syntactic movement is an age-appropriate area of assessment for elementary school-aged children's language. Language sample assessment measures based on wh-movement appear promising. The impact of task effects of the discourse genre on assessing syntax must be carefully considered in research and clinical practice.