An assessment of estrogenic organic contaminants in Canadian wastewaters

被引:217
|
作者
Fernandez, Marc P.
Ikonomou, Michael G.
Buchanan, Ian
机构
[1] Univ Alberta, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada
[2] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC, Canada
关键词
OWCs; estrogen; in vitro; GC-HRMS; wastewater;
D O I
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.018
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
A suite of 30 primarily estrogenic organic wastewater contaminants was measured in several influent/effluent wastewater samples from four municipal wastewater treatment plants and effluents from one bleached kraft pulp mill (BKME) using an ultratrace analytical method based on gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy (GC-HRMS). In vitro recombinant yeast assay detection of the estrogenic equivalent (EEq) on whole and solid phase extracted (SPE) and fractionated wastewater was also performed. 19-Norethindrone was the most frequently detected and abundant (26-224 ng/L) of all the synthetic estrogens/ progesterones in the influent samples. 17 alpha-Ethinylestradiol was the more frequently detected synthetic estrogen/progesterone in the effluents occurring at or below 5 ng/L with some sporadic occurrences of up to 178 ng/L. The greatest levels of steroidal estrogens in municipal effluents were E 1 > E2 > E3 which were all < 20 ng/L. Nonylphenol and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were found to be the highest non-steroidal synthetic compounds surveyed in both municipal influent and effluent samples, both occurring at 6-7 mu g/L in municipal effluents. BKME contained relatively large amounts of the plant sterol stigmasterol (4 mu g/L) but low amounts of fecal sterols, and steroidal estrogens (E2 only at 6 ng/L) when compared to the municipal effluents. In vitro EEq in the wastewater surveyed ranged from 9-106 ng E2/L and ranked from municipal influent > municipal effluent approximate to BKME, with most of the estrogenicity fractionating in the 100% methanol SPE fraction followed by a secondary amount in the diethyl ether (for municipal) or methyl-tert butyl ether (for BKME) SPE fractions. Most correlations between chemical and in vitro estrogenic equivalency were weak (p > 0.05 in most cases). Unexpected inverse correlations between in vitro estrogenic activity and concentrations of the estrogenic contaminant bisphenol A were found which likely contributed to the weakness of these correlations. A modified toxicity identification and evaluation procedure was continued with the SPE extracts from the more potent 100% methanol SPE fractions of municipal effluent. High performance liquid chromatography band elution retention times; based on in vitro estrogen detection, indicated that steroidal estrogens such as E2 were responsible for most of the estrogenicity of the samples. Subsequent collection and GC-MS analysis of active bands did not confirm the presence of steroidal estrogens, but expanded the possibility of phthalate esters (i.e. dibutyl phthalate) and natural sterols (i.e. beta-sitosterol) contributing to the overall estrogenic load. Crown Copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:250 / 269
页数:20
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