The effects of photobiomodulation and low-amplitude high-frequency vibration on bone healing process: a comparative study

This study aimed at investigating the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) and low-amplitude high-frequency (LAHF) whole body mechanical vibration on bone fracture healing process when metallic plates are implanted in rats' femurs. Forty male rats weighing between 250 and 350 g, 12 weeks old, were employed in this study. A transverse critical size defect (CSD) was made in their right femurs that were fixed by stainless steel plates. After the surgery, the rats were divided equally into four groups: low-level laser therapy group (GaAlAs laser, 830 nm, 40 mW, 4 J/cm(2), 0.35 cm beam diameter, LLLT), whole body vibration group (60 Hz, 0.1 mm amplitude, 1.5 g, WBV), a combination of laser and vibration group (LV), and the control group (C). Each group was divided into two subgroups based on sacrifice dates. The rats were sacrificed at intervals of 3 and 6 weeks after the surgery to extract their right femurs for radiography and biomechanical and histological analyses, and the results were analyzed using standard statistical methods. Radiographic analyses showed greater callus formation in the LLLT and WBV groups than in control group at both 3 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) and 6 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). Histological evaluations showed a higher amount of new bone formation and better maturity in the LLLT and WBV groups than the control groups at 3 and 6 weeks after surgery. Biomechanical tests showed that the maximum force at fracture in the LLLT (P < 0.05 in 3 weeks and P < 0.05 in 6 weeks) and WBV (P < 0.001 in 3 weeks and P < 0.05 in 6 weeks) groups was greater than that in the control groups at both time intervals. But a combination of laser and vibration therapy, LV, did not show a positive interaction on bone fracture healing process. The biostimulation effects of PBM or LLLT and of low-amplitude high-frequency WBV both had a positive impact on bone healing process, for critical size defects in the presence of a stainless steel implant. But their combination, i.e., low-level laser therapy and low-amplitude high-frequency whole body vibration (LV), interestingly did not accelerate the fractured bone healing process.