Precise point positioning ambiguity resolution by integrating BDS-3e into BDS-2 and GPS

With the development of BDS-3, more BDS satellites are in orbits which can contribute to the reduction in the initial time of ambiguity fixing as well as the increase in the ambiguity fixing rate. We focus on the improvement in the BDS-based PPP AR as well as the GPS- and BDS-integrated PPP AR, using newly available BDS-3e satellites. To achieve this goal, the wide-lane (WL) and narrow-lane (NL) fractional cycle biases (FCBs) of B1I and B3I observations of BDS-2 IGSO and MEO satellites as well as of observations of BDS-3e satellites are generated using a network of globally distributed reference stations, while the BDS-2 GEO satellites are excluded from the FCBs estimation for their poor orbit accuracy due to the poor geometry. Both static and kinematic PPP AR solutions have been compared and analyzed in five combination strategies, including BDS-2 AR, BDS-2/3e AR, GPS AR, GPS/BDS-2 AR and GPS/BDS-2/3e AR. The experimental results illustrate that the inclusion of BDS-3e satellites is able to significantly improve the performance of the BDS-based PPP AR but only marginally improves the performance of the GPS- and BDS-integrated PPP AR. An average TTFF of 57.2min (static) and 60.3 min (kinematic) and a fixing rate of 88.7% (static) and 87.3% (kinematic) have been achieved in the static and kinematic PPP AR for BDS-2/3e. The average time of TTFF is shortened to 15.3 min (static) and 16.4 min (kinematic) with a fixing rate of 96.9% (static) and 96.2% (kinematic) for GPS/BDS-2. The PPP AR of GPS/BDS-2/3e is found to perform the best among the five combination strategies of solutions, and an average TTFF of 13.1 min (static) and 14.3 min (kinematic) and a fixing rate of 97.0% (static) and 96.7% (kinematic) have been obtained.