The effect of snus on alcohol-related cigarette administration in dependent and non-dependent smokers

Introduction: Alcohol has been found to increase tobacco smoking in both dependent daily smokers (DDS) and nondependent nondaily smokers (NNS), yet little attention has been directed toward examining how different treatments/products modify drinking-related smoking behavior. Methods: This study examined the acute effects of snus (4 mg of nicotine) on alcohol-related smoking responses in 18 DDS and 17 NNS. During each double-blind session, participants were randomly assigned to receive one of the following combinations: alcohol and snus, alcohol and placebo snus, placebo alcohol and snus, or placebo alcohol and placebo snus. Participants consumed their assigned beverage before absorbing their session's product, and after 30 min participants could self-administer puffs of their preferred brand of cigarette over a 60-minute period using a progressive ratio task. Results: Alcohol significantly increased tobacco craving (p < .001) and tended to decrease latency to start smoking (p = .021) but only among NNS. In contrast, snus tended to decrease the number of puffs earned and how hard DDS worked for puffs in both beverage conditions (ps <= .019) but it did not alter the smoking behavior of NNS. Craving was not significantly impacted by snus in either type of smoker. Discussion: These findings raise the possibility that different processes mediate alcohol and cigarette co-use in NNS and DDS and suggest that snus may be effective in reducing alcohol-related cigarette use in DDS specifically. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.