Pipeline construction for designers

There are a number of materials promoted for use in underground pipeline service. Each material is unique in it's own ability to resist loads and function as intended. The designer must consider the strength of the manufactured product and relate that to the construction operation. Designing pipes as a composite of pipe material and earth support dictates that an adequate safety factor be applied due to the many unknowns of future earth and traffic loads and the quality of construction. This paper focuses on construction practices of pipelines, in particular ductile iron pipe, and what a designer can do to improve specifications to help ensure a satisfactory project.