The changing pattern of lake and its contribution to increased mass in the Tibetan Plateau derived from GRACE and ICESat data

This paper compares GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and ICESat (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite) observations to confirm whether the observed gravity increase in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) was primarily caused by lake storage gain, and comprehensively analyses the changing pattern of lake level over 2003-2009. An improved automated method was used to obtain lake-level changes and the underestimation of lake water storage was considered due to lake area expansion and lake density. The result demonstrates that GRACE recorded a mass gain (16.43 +/- 1.65/11.79 +/- 1.25 gt a(-1)) in the total/inner TP, of which lake storage increase accounts for (8.78 +/- 0.75/7.53 +/- 0.56 gt a(-1)) based on ICESat. The northwestern residual may be stored in new lakes and soil moisture as a result of net precipitation gain. According to the character of the lake-level changes, we divide the TP into four subregions. Generally, the changing pattern of lake level concurs with the distribution of precipitation, which is increasing in the inner TP and decreasing in the upstream area of the Indus and Brahmaputra Rivers. An excess of rainfall in the northeastern TP in the summer of 2005 and 2009 caused a simultaneous large increase in water level in many lakes. The correlation of lake changes with precipitation demonstrates that precipitation rather than glacial melt is the main cause of lake-level change in most places. Nonetheless, the meltwater is a considerable supplement for lakes near glaciers such as Selin Co and Nam Co, which partly explains why GRACE indicates a much weaker signal in this region.