Sequelae of Major Trauma Patients with Maxillofacial Fractures

Objectives: Sequelae after maxillofacial fractures are frequent and may affect the patient's quality of life. This study examined sequelae associated with maxillofacial fractures of severely traumatized patients focusing mainly on nerve injuries. Methods: A retrospective study including trauma patients with relevant facial fractures admitted to our Trauma Center in the period 2011-2016. Presence of posttraumatic maxillofacial sequelae was identified by examining the medical records of the included patients. Focusing on facial sensory deficits and facial nerve paralysis, but also comprising data on diplopia, blindness, malocclusion, trismus, eye globe malposition, flattening of the malar, facial contour changes, and wound infections. Results: Two-hundred-seventy-five severely traumatized patients were included, comprising 201 men (73%), with a median age of 40 years and ISS of 20. 163 (59%) patients only had assessments within 3 months from trauma of which 79 patients (48.5%) had facial complications at initial examination, mostly malocclusion and trismus. Most patients in this group had no or only minor sequelae at their last clinical assessment, mainly being sensory deficits. 112 (41%) patients had assessments both within and beyond 3 months of which 73 patients (65.2%) had facial complications at initial examination, while 91 patients (81%) had reported sequelae within 3 months decreasing to 47 patients (42%) at their last clinical assessment beyond 3 months from trauma, mostly sensory deficits. An improvement of most sequelae was observed. Conclusion: Objective sequelae were found to be quite common after maxillofacial fractures in severely traumatized patients, especially sensory deficits. However, most of the addressed sequelae seemed to improve over time.