A generalized multistage optimization modeling framework for life cycle assessment-based integrated solid waste management

Solid waste management (SWM) is an integral component of civil infrastructure and the global economy, and is a growing concern due to increases in population, urbanization, and economic development. In 2011, 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) were generated, and this is expected to grow to 2.2 billion metric tons by 2025. In the U.S., MSW systems processed approximately 250 million tons of waste and produced 118 Tg of CO(2)e emissions, which represents over 8% of non-energy related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and 2% of total net GHG emissions. While previous research has applied environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) to SWM using formal search techniques, existing models are either not readily generalizable and scalable, or optimize only a single time period and do not consider changes likely to affect SWM over time, such as new policy and technology innovation. This paper presents the first life cycle-based framework to optimize over multiple time stages the collection and treatment of all waste materials from curb to final disposal by minimizing cost or environmental impacts while considering user-defined emissions and waste diversion constraints. In addition, the framework is designed to be responsive to future changes in energy and GHG prices. This framework considers the use of existing SWM infrastructure as well as the deployment and utilization of new infrastructure. Several scenarios, considering cost, diversion, and GHG emissions, are analyzed in a 3-stage test system. The results show the utility of the multi-stage framework and the insights that can be gained from using such a framework. The framework was also used to solve a larger SWM system; the results show that the framework solves in reasonable time using typical hardware and readily available mathematical programming solvers. The framework is intended to inform SWM by considering costs, environmental impacts, and policy constraints. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.