Value of p63 and cytokeratin 5/6 as immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas

To facilitate the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated metastatic carcinomas of unknown primary site, we evaluated p63 and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 as immunohistochemical markers for squamous cell carcinomas. The study cases were as follows: squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs, head/neck, esophagus, cervix uteri, or anal canal, 73; non-squamous cell carcinomas of various primary sites, 141; and urothelial carcinoma, 20. We also tested 14 malignant mesotheliomas. Immunoreactivity for p63 was as follows: squamous cell carcinomas, 59 (81 %); urothelial carcinoma, 14 (70%), most often with diffuse staining patterns; non-squamous cell carcinomas, 20 (14.2%), resulting in a specificity of 0.86 of p63 for squamous cell carcinomas. Coexpression of p63 and CK5/6 had a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.96 for squamous cell carcinomas. Increasing the minimal criterion of positive immunostaining for both markers to more than 50% of immunoreactive tumor cells resulted in a specificity of 0.99, although the sensitivity diminished to 0.66. All malignant mesotheliomas were negative for p63. Our data suggest that positive immunostaining for both p63 and CK5/6 in poorly differentiated metastatic carcinomas is highly predictive of a primary tumor of squamous epithelial origin.