Economic impact of predominant ticks and tick-borne diseases on Indian dairy production systems

As per 20th livestock census, India possessing 193.46 million cattle and 109.85 million buffaloes in organized and unorganized sectors. These animals are suffering from tick infestation almost throughout the year causing both direct and indirect losses. Repeated use of chemical acaricides for tick management resulted in the estab-lishment of acaricide resistant tick populations, insecticide residues in livestock products and environmental pollution. In the present study, analysis of the data generated during 1990-2021 revealed pooled prevalence of infestations in cattle and buffaloes was 53% [95% CI = 47-60%] and 38% [95% CI = 28-49%], respectively. Based on peripheral blood smear examination the prevalence of theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle is estimated as 17% [95% CI = 12-24%], 4% [95% CI = 3-6%] and 5% [95% CI = 3-7%], respectively, while in buffalo the prevalence of infection is estimated as 7% [95% CI = 2-21%], 2% [95% CI = 0-5%] and 8% [95% CI = 2-36%],respectively.To estimate economic impact, both direct (reduction in milk production, cost of treat-ment, leather depreciation) and indirect (milk loss and treatment cost) losses were taken into consideration. Loss of milk production was predicted as 13.91, 56.91 and 85.34L/cross-bred cow/lactation in low, moderate and high tick infestation conditions, respectively. Whereas, 20.10, 7.01L milk/buffalo/lactation in Hyalomma spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. infestation was estimated. Similarly,the estimated loss of milk production due to clinical theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis was 57.96, 30.96 and 59.22L, respectively. The cumulative (milk loss, treatment cost and leather loss) loss due to tick infestation was calculated as 46199.31 million INR (USD595.07 million) while due to TBDs 14877.15 million INR (USD191.15 million) = 61076.46 million INR (USD787.63 million). The data provided base line information for the policy maker to develop strategies at government level so that the significantly high cumulative loss of 787.63 million USD due to ticks and tick borne diseases (TTBDs) can be minimized.