The Impact of Physical Channel on Performance of Subspace-Based Channel Estimation in Massive MIMO Systems

A subspace method for channel estimation has been recently proposed for tackling the pilot contamination effect, which is regarded by some researchers as a bottleneck in massive MIMO systems. It was shown in the literature that if the power ratio between the desired signal and interference is kept above a certain value, the received signal spectrum splits into signal and interference eigenvalues, namely, the "pilot contamination" effect can be completely eliminated. However, in the literature an independently distributed (i.d.) channel is assumed, which is actually not much the case in practice. Considering this, a more sensible finite-dimensional physical channel model (i.e., a finite scattering environment, where signals impinge on the base station (BS) from a finite number of angles of arrival (AoA)) is employed in this paper. Via asymptotic spectral analysis, it is demonstrated that, compared with the i.d. channel, the physical channel imposes a penalty in the form of an increased power ratio between the useful signal and the interference. Furthermore, we demonstrate an interesting "antenna saturation" effect, i.e., when the number of the BS antennas approaches infinity, the performance under the physical channel with P AoAs is limited by and nearly the same as the performance under the i.d. channel with P receive antennas.