How a latecomer succeeded in a complex product system industry: three case studies in the Korean telecommunication systems

Catching up with the pioneers in Complex Product and System (CoPS) is not easy because CoPS is very different from the mass-produced goods in which latecomers have specialized. Despite being a latecomer, Korea has succeeded in CoPS, particularly in the telecommunication systems industry. This study examines Korea's success using three examples of highly sophisticated cutting-edge systems: Time Division Exchange, Code Division Multiple Access, and Wireless broadband. This study points out several important implications. First, institutions and political will played a very important role in all three cases. Second, acquisition or utilization of major capabilities transitioned into spontaneous participation, global networking, standardization of activities and policies, and emphasis on in-house research and development. Third, collaboration with an international standardization work group was a key to Korea's rise as a global telecommunications leader. Finally, large Korean firms played a critical role in catching up with telecommunication system industry leaders.