Retinal manifestations of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among hospital patients in The Gambia,West Africa

BACKGROUND In developed countries, 50-75 % of AIDS patients develop retinal complications and about 20-40% acquire cytomegalavirus (CMV) retinitis. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to determine prevalence of these in The Gambia where both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection are present and the prevalence of HIV-1 is rising. METHOD All patients attending hospital whose percentage CD4 + cells (CD4%) was below 14, the level associated typically with an AIDS diagnosis, and one half of those whose CD4% was 14 or above were asked to join the study Fifty-six HIV-1, 52 HIV-2 and 12 dually infected patients were recruited. Photographs of the fundi were taken and interpreted independently The findings were related to the patients' percentage CD4 + cells. RESULTS The CD4% was < 14 in 40 patients and <:in 17 patients. Thirty-six patients were male. No cases of CMV retinitis were found. Four patients whose CD4% were 4, 5, 11 and 23 had cotton wool spots ranging in number from 1 to 14 for any one patient. The prevalence of cotton wool spots was 8% (95% CI, 0-16%) among patients with CD4% below 14 and 12% (95% CI, 0-27) among patients with CD4% below 7. One of the 4 patients had associated microaneurysm and blot haemorrhages typical of more advanced HIV microvasculopathy: CONCLUSION CMV retinitis is less common in The Gambia than in developed countries. Non-infectious retinopathy may also be less common.