Consequential life cycle assessment of Brazilian cement industry technology projections for 2050

In the upcoming decades, cement production growth is expected to exceed the increase in availability of clinker substitutes. Increased clinker replacement rates in cement and use of alternatives fuels were pointed out as the main alternatives for reducing emissions of the national cement industry, whilst increasing cement production in 2050. Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) offers a framework to capture environmental consequences from demand alterations. Modelling the cement production and markets involved is however challenging, given conceptual (only unconstrained markets are considered) and practical modelling limitations (e.g. model granularity compatible with CLCA interests). This paper refers to an ongoing work and adopts a two-stage approach to discuss the effects of the change on the average cement production process in Brazil. We first performed a CLCA without formal affected market identification to estimate the potential environmental impacts of the technology change proposed in the Brazilian Cement Technology Roadmap. Secondly, we used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of the Brazilian economy to (more) realistically foresee short-term effects induced by such change. The CGE model comprises 102 economic activities, including cement production and its production chain. Our results indicate that (i) increasing the proportion of calcined clay and limestone filler as clinker partial substitutes and (ii) excluding charcoal from the fuel mix composition at the kiln would impact all economic sectors. Our preliminary findings suggest that the increased efficiency in cement production would create some rebound effect that would not invalidate the emission benefits from displacing energy and virgin materials. Additional impact categories and consequences in other economic sectors should be further investigated.