The submarine eruption of La Restinga (El Hierro, Canary Islands): October 2011-March 2012

The first signs of renewed volcanic activity at El Hierro began in July 2011 with the occurrence of abundant, low-magnitude earthquakes. The increasing seismicity culminated on October 10, 2011, with the onset of a submarine eruption about 2 km offshore from La Restinga, the southernmost village on El Hierro. The analysis of seismic and deformation records prior to, and throughout, the eruption allowed the reconstruction of its main phases: 1) ascent of magma and migration of hypocentres from beneath the northern coast (El Golfo) towards the south rift zone, close to La Restinga, probably marking the hydraulic fracturing and the opening of the eruptive conduit; and 2) onset and development of a volcanic eruption indicated by sustained and prolonged harmonic tremor whose intensity varied with time. The features monitored during the eruption include location, depth and morphological evolution of the eruptive source and emission of floating volcanic bombs. These bombs initially showed white, vesiculated cores (originated by partial melting of underlying pre-volcanic sediments upon which the island of El Hierro was constructed) and black basanite rims, and later exclusively hollow basanitic lava balloons. The eruptive products have been matched with a fissural submarine eruption without ever having attained surtseyan explosiveness. The eruption has been active for about five months and ended in March 2012, thus becoming the second longest reported historical eruption in the Canary Islands after the Timanfaya eruption in Lanzarote (1730-1736). This eruption provided the first opportunity in 40 years to manage a volcanic crisis in the Canary Islands and to assess the interpretations and decisions taken, thereby gaining experience for improved management of future volcanic activity. Seismicity and deformation during the eruption were recorded and analysed by the Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN). Unfortunately, a lack of systematic sampling of erupted pyroclasts and lavas, as well as the sporadic monitoring of the depth and growth of the submarine vent by deployment of a research vessel, hampered a comprehensive assessment of hazards posed during volcanic activity. Thus, available scientific data and advice were not as high quality as they could have been, thereby limiting the authorities in making the proper decisions at crucial points during the crisis. The response in 2011-12 to the El Hierro eruption has demonstrated that adequate infrastructure and technical means exist in the Canary Islands for the early detection of potential eruptive hazards. However, it also has taught us that having detailed emergency management plans may be of limited value without an accompanying continuous, well-integrated scientific monitoring effort (open to national and international collaboration) during all stages of an eruption.