β-Blockers in Stage B: A Precursor of Heart Failure

beta-blockers are an important treatment of heart failure (HF) and are useful in reducing the progression of the syndrome. They should be considered for patients with asymptomatic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Evidence-based beta-blocker therapy (bisoprolol, carvedilol, or metoprolol succinate) in combination with standard therapy is a mainstay of treatment of all symptomatic patients with LV systolic dysfunction. Patients in stage B also benefit from the early introduction of beta-blockers, but there are no large randomized clinical trials to support this strategy. Whether there is a role for ivabradine in the treatment of HF is not clear.