Development of Predictive Value of Urinary Cytokine Profile Induced During Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillations for Bladder Cancer

We describe a local reaction to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillations for the treatment of bladder cancer, with different profiles of urinary cytokine production during treatment. This analysis reflects a specific immune response induced in each patient. Their assessment could allow a more reliable selection of the patients eligible for this type of treatment and could help justify maintenance BCG therapy. Background: We sought to demonstrate a correlation between the response to treatment and the profile of urinary cytokine production during bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy. Material and Methods: From December 2008 to February 2011, 23 patients were included in a prospective study. All patients received 6 instillations of BCG weekly. The mean follow-up period of the population was 16.9 +/- 8.4 months. Refractory disease or recurrence was observed in 5 patients. Urine samples were collected and stored at -80 degrees C, before and 4 hours after the first, third, and sixth BCG instillations. The cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-gamma [IFN gamma] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were quantified within the collected urine samples using cytometric bead array analysis. The quantitative variables were analyzed using Student's t test, and regression statistical analysis was performed. Results: Urinary cytokine production had increased strongly 4 hours after the sixth instillation but only mildly to moderately after the first and third instillations. IL-2 and IL-6 showed the most dramatic changes after the BCG instillations. Different urinary cytokine production profiles were demonstrated. A trend was observed for the BCG-refractory/recurrence group, with high baseline IL-6 levels, followed by low IL-6 levels before the instillations; low baseline IL-2 levels with only minor changes during treatment; the absence of IFNg and IL-17 production; and a low peak of cytokine production at the end of treatment. Conclusion: Analysis of the urinary cytokine production levels during BCG therapy reflect a specific immune response induced in each patient. Their assessment could allow a more reliable selection of patients eligible for this type of treatment and could help justify the use of maintenance BCG therapy.