Associations between space-time constraints and spatial patterns of travels

The space-time constraint concept was originally developed by Hagerstrand (1970), the pioneer of time-geography, to explain the constraints associated with human daily travel in space and time. Based on his definitions of space-time constraints (i.e., authority constraints, capability constraints, and coupling constraints), Shoval (2012) modified the constraints concept for tourism research. This study examines the associations between these constraints and spatial patterns of travels. The results indicate that authority constraints (i.e., the purpose of travel) are significantly associated with the macro level (i.e., single destination travel and multi-destination travel), while the capability constraints (i.e., the length of travel) and coupling constraints (i.e., the composition of travel party) are significantly associated with the micro level (i.e., multi-destination travel patterns). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.