Numerical simulations of generation and propagation of internal tides in the Andaman Sea

The generation and propagation of internal tides in the Andaman Sea are investigated using a three-dimensional high-resolution numerical model. Three categories of experiments, including driving the model with four main semidiurnal tides (M2, S2, N2, and K2), four main diurnal tides (K1, O1, P1, and Q1), and eight main tides (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, and Q1), are designed to examine the effects of barotropic tides. The results show that the semidiurnal internal tides are dominant in the Andaman Sea, and the inclusion of diurnal barotropic tides negligibly modulates this result. That is partly due to the strength of the diurnal barotropic tides is generally one order smaller than that of the semidiurnal barotropic tides in this region. The sensitivity experiments put this on a firmer footing. In terms of the internal tidal energy, the experiments driven by the diurnal barotropic tides are three orders and one order smaller than those driven by the semidiurnal barotropic tides, respectively, during the spring and neap tides. In addition, the experiments result in total barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion rates over the Andaman Sea 29.15 GW (driven by the eight tides), 29.24 GW (driven by the four semidiurnal tides), and 0.05 GW (driven by the fourdiurnal tides) in the spring tidal period and 3.08 GW, 2.56 GW, and 0.31 GW in the neap tidal period, respectively. Four potential generation regions of internal tides are found, three of which are in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and one in the northeastern Andaman Sea.