ON BECOMING A BETTER SCIENTIST

Good scientific research yields insights that are important and general. But the process of learning to do good science is far from simple, and the inherent challenges are often more motivational than scientific. I review various ways that may help scientists (especially young ones) to do better research. Perhaps the most important is to spend time with people who are smart, productive, and enjoy what they are doing: motivation and success are infectious. Trying some risky projects, for which success is not guaranteed, can enhance motivation. Before tackling risky projects, however, seek advice from those with experience; but make your own decision. Always be as self-directed as possible (and as political): actively seek opportunities and don't wait for them to come to you. If you have to learn a skill that is challenging or unpleasant, try to convince yourself that you look forward to learning it. Similarly, develop a high tolerance for repetitive tasks, which are inevitable components of science. In particular, learn to communicate well both in writing and in speaking: treat communication as a vital apprenticeship to be learned. Conflict is inevitable in science, but collaboration with opponents can be a positive way to resolve and grow beyond conflict. Staying fresh becomes a challenge as scientists age, but changing fields, continuing to go to seminars and meetings, and interacting with students and new colleagues can minimize one's personal fossilization.