Maternal androgens and autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES prospective cohort study

Background: Maternal hormonal risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring could intersect genetic and environmental risk factors. Objectives: This analysis explored ASD risk in association with maternal testosterone, andro-stenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) measured in first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy.Methods: MARBLES is a prospective pregnancy cohort study based at the MIND Institute in Northern California that enrolls mothers who have at least one child previously diagnosed with ASD and are expecting, or planning to have another child. At 36 months the younger sibling is clinically classified as having ASD, or as non-typically developing (Non-TD), or typically devel-oping (TD). Maternal androgens during pregnancy were measured in serum samples from 196 mothers. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated risk of ASD and Non-TD in offspring compared to TD, in relation to the log-transformed maternal androgen concentrations, at each trimester.Results: Non-significant associations were observed, and borderline significant associations were only observed in some stratified unadjusted models. Second trimester maternal testosterone was non-significantly associated with ASD in female offspring, although not after adjustment, aRR 1.54 (95% CI 0.71, 3.33), and second trimester maternal DHEA was non-significantly associated with non-TD in male offspring, again not after adjustment, aRR 0.50 (95% CI 0.21, 1.21). Sec-ondary analysis suggested that third trimester androgen concentrations in mothers with male offspring had significant or near significant associations with their child's Social Responsiveness Scale score.Conclusion: No significant associations were found between maternal androgen concentrations and risk of ASD or Non-TD in the child.