The Relationship between Coronary Artery Calcification and Renal Function in Nondialyzed Patients

Purpose: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) has been described in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its presence is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death. However, it is unclear whether there is an independent relationship between renal function and CAC. Therefore, we evaluated the association between renal function and CAC. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 870 Korean patients who had undergone computed tomographic coronary angiography. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study formula with an ethnic factor for the Korean population. The CKD stages were classified using estimated GFR (eGFR) and proteinuria. Results: The mean age of the participants was 56.8+/-11.8 years, and the mean eGFR was 89.4+/-16.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Hypertension and diabetes were noted in 41.5 and 17.0% of patients, respectively. There were 584 and 286 patients with no CAC and with CAC, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, late stage CKD was associated with CAC [odds ratio (OR) 2.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-7.46]. However, early stage CKD was not associated with CAC (OR 1.61, 95% Cl 0.92-2.82). Diabetes was an independent risk factor of CAC (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.36-3.13). There was no significant association between proteinuria and CAC (OR 1.65, 95% Cl 0.96-2.85). Conclusion: CAC is related to late stage CKD in nondialyzed patients. These findings emphasize that individuals with CAC should be considered a high-risk population for decreased renal function.