Safety and immunogenicity of VPM1002 versus BCG in South African newborn babies: a randomised, phase 2 non-inferiority double-blind controlled trial

Background Tuberculosis is a major public health problem worldwide. Immunisation with Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine is partially effective in infants, reducing the incidence of miliary and tuberculosis meningitis, but is less effective against pulmonary tuberculosis. We aimed to compare safety and immunogenicity of VPM1002-a recombinant BCG vaccine developed to address this gap-with BCG in HIV exposed and HIV unexposed newborn babies. Methods This double-blind, randomised, active controlled phase 2 study was conducted at four health centres in South Africa. Eligible neonates were aged 12 days or younger with a birthweight of 2 center dot 5-4 center dot 2 kg, and could be HIV exposed (seropositive mothers) or unexposed (seronegative mothers). Newborn babies were excluded if they had acute or chronic illness, fever, hypothermia, sepsis, cancer, or congenital malformation, or if they received blood products or immunosuppressive therapy. Participants were excluded if their mothers (aged >= 18 years) had active tuberculosis disease, diabetes, a history of immunodeficiency except for HIV, hepatitis B or syphilis seropositivity, received blood products in the preceding 6 months, any acute infectious disease, or any suspected substance abuse. Participants were randomly assigned to VPM1002 or BCG vaccination in a 3:1 ratio, stratified by HIV status using the random number generator function in SAS, using a block size of eight paticipants. The primary outcome was non-inferiority (margin 15%) of VPM1002 to BCG vaccine in terms of incidence of grade 3-4 adverse drug reactions or ipsilateral or generalised lymphadenopathy of 10 mm or greater in diameter by 12 months. The primary outcome was assessed in all vaccinated participants (safety population) at regular follow-up visits until 12 months after vaccination. Secondary immunogenicity outcomes were interferon-gamma levels and percentages of multifunctional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells among all lymphocytes across the 12 month study period. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT02391415. Findings Between June 4, 2015 and Oct 16, 2017, 416 eligible newborn babies were randomly assigned and received study vaccine. Seven (2%) of 312 participants in the VPM1002 group had a grade 3-4 vaccine-related adverse reaction or lymphadenopathy of 10 mm or greater in diameter compared with 34 (33%) of 104 participants in the BCG group (risk difference -30 center dot 45% [95% CI -39 center dot 61% to -21 center dot 28%]; pnon-inferiority<0 center dot 0001); VPM1002 was thus non-inferior to BCG for the primary outcome. Incidence of severe injection site reactions was lower with VPM1002 than BCG: scarring occurred in 65 (21%) participants in the VPM1002 group versus 77 (74%) participants in the BCG group (p<0 center dot 0001); ulceration occurred in one (<1%) versus 15 (14%; p<0 center dot 0001); and abscess formation occurred in five (2%) versus 23 (22%; p<0 center dot 0001). Restimulated IFN gamma concentrations were lower in the VPM1002 group than the BCG group at week 6, week 12, month 6, and month 12. The percentage of multifunctional CD4(+) T cells was higher in the VPM1002 group than the BCG group at day 14 but lower at week 6, week 12, month 6, and month 12. The percentage of multifunctional CD8(+) T cells was lower in the VPM1002 group than the BCG group at week 6, week 12, and month 6, but did not differ at other timepoints. Interpretation VPM1002 was less reactogenic than BCG and was not associated with any serious safety concern. Both vaccines were immunogenic, although responses were higher with the BCG vaccine. VPM1002 is currently being studied for efficacy and safety in a multicentric phase 3 clinical trial in babies in sub-Saharan Africa. Funding Serum Institute of India. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.