Calcium/calmodulin signaling elicits release of cytochrome c during 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced apoptosis in the human lymphoblastic T-cell line, L-MAT

We have reported previously that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces apoptosis in the human lymphoblastic T-cell line L-MAT, although these cells do not express the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR-dependent pathway for the induction of immunotoxicity by TCDD has been studied extensively, but the AhR-independent pathway is not understood. Several studies have reported that TCDD elevates the concentration of free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) in various types of cells. However, the precise mechanism of the increase in [Ca2+](i) that occurs during apoptosis induced by TCDD has not been elucidated. Upon treatment of L-MAT cells with 20 nM TCDD, we observed an early increase in [Ca2+](i), within 30 min of the addition of TCDD, which was followed by an additional increase at 90 min, after which the increase in [Ca2+](i) was sustained until 3 h after the addition of TCDD. A chelator of intracellular calcium, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM), blocked the induction of apoptosis by TCDD in L-MAT cells, but ECTA, a chelator of extracellular calcium, did not. An antagonist of calcium-dependent calmodulin (CaM), W-7, inhibited the induction of apoptosis by TCDD in L-MAT cells. Moreover, W-7 suppressed the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. These results demonstrate that activated Ca2+/CaM could transmit apoptotic signal(s) to mitochondria. The results suggest that Ca2+/CaM signals may play an important role in the induction of apoptosis in L-MAT cells by TCDD. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.