Self-organization of formation of magmatic and hydrothermal ore deposits

Magmatic and hydrothermal ore deposits are formed in open nonequilibrium dynamic systems exchanging mass and energy with the environment. The most remarkable feature of such systems is self-organization phenomena. Self-organization appears in evolving systems with instability increasing with distance from the equilibrium state. The development of irreversible processes results in the formation (ordering) of spatial and temporal structures. Such ordering is commonly observed during the study of ore deposits at different scales. Experimental and modeling data show that the more unstable the system is, the higher the degree of its ordering and the greater its disposition to self-organization and the formation of spatial-temporal structures. This paper presents recent views of the pathways and evolution of natural nonequilibrium systems from quasi-equilibrium, linear nonequilibrium, and nonlinear nonequilibrium fields of study. Self-organization, or so-called dissipative processes, appear in the nonlinear field. The experimental data on fluidized granitic systems suggest that under nonequilibrium conditions self-organization in these systems is dominated by the value of gradients (forces) and the rate of fluid decompression (flows). Various structurally ordered products of self-organization in some natural fluidized magmatic systems under nonequilibrium conditions are discussed. These include spherolites, orbicules, shlieren pegmatites, rhythmically banded textures in granites, sulfide ores, ''spinifex structures'' in komatiites, and the splitting of magnetitic melts from basaltic magmas, Self-organization processes in hydrothermal systems are discussed from the point of evolution of spatial-temporal structures, The most typical scenario of transition of hydrothermal systems from an oxidizing to reducing state under quasi-equilibrium, linear nonequilibrium, and nonlinear nonequilibrium conditions due to inversion of the fluid regime is discussed. Some higher levels of self-organization in hydrothermal systems (such as transition to convective cells in a T-P gradient field) are theoretically substantiated.