Paper currency harbours antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and integron integrase

Aims This study was designed to analyse the prevalence of class 1 and class 2 integron integrase genes among antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria isolated from paper currency circulating in Pakistan. Methods and Results A total of 500 individual currency notes were collected from different food vending sites at Lahore, Pakistan. Bacterial population were identified by biochemical and PCR techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion assay. The highest bacterial population on currency was found from street vendors and butcher shops. Escherichia coli was found to be the most prevalent coliform bacteria followed by Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. PCR amplification of antimicrobial resistance gene showed the presence of ampC, bla(TEM), bla(NDM-1), qnrA, tet(A) and tet(B) genes among coliform isolates. A total of 47 integron integrase bearing strains of coliform bacteria were analysed. Sequence analysis showed the presence of dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, aadA1, aadA4 cassette arrays in class 1 integron and dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 in class 2 integrase genes. Conclusion Circulating currency was heavily contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant coliform bacteria bearing class 1 and class 2 integron integrase genes. Significance and Impact of the Study This study describes a potential threat of severe bacterial infections due to improper hand hygiene and community sanitation when dealing with the currency notes.