Comparison between summertime and wintertime Arctic Ocean primary marine aerosol properties

Primary marine aerosols (PMAs) are an important source of cloud condensation nuclei, and one of the key elements of the remote marine radiative budget. Changes occurring in the rapidly warming Arctic, most importantly the decreasing sea ice extent, will alter PMA production and hence the Arctic climate through a set of feedback processes. In light of this, laboratory experiments with Arctic Ocean water during both Arctic winter and summer were conducted and focused on PMA emissions as a function of season and water properties. Total particle number concentrations and particle number size distributions were used to characterize the PMA population. A comprehensive data set from the Arctic summer and winter showed a decrease in PMA concentrations for the covered water temperature (T-w) range between - 1 degrees C and 15 degrees C. A sharp decrease in PMA emissions for a T-w increase from -1 degrees C to 4 degrees C was followed by a lower rate of change in PMA emissions for T-w up to about 6 degrees C. Near constant number concentrations for water temperatures between 6 degrees C to 10 degrees C and higher were recorded. Even though the total particle number concentration changes for overlapping T-w ranges were consistent between the summer and winter measurements, the distribution of particle number concentrations among the different sizes varied between the seasons. Median particle number concentrations for a dry diameter (D-p) < 0.125 mu m measured during winter conditions were similar (deviation of up to 3 %), or lower (up to 70 %) than the ones measured during summer conditions (for the same water temperature range). For D-p > 0.125 mu m, the particle number concentrations during winter were mostly higher than in summer (up to 50 %). The normalized particle number size distribution as a function of water temperature was examined for both winter and summer measurements. An increase in T-w from -1 degrees C to 10 degrees C during winter measurements showed a decrease in the peak of relative particle number concentration at about a D-p of 0.180 mu m, while an increase was observed for particles with D-p > 1 mu m. Summer measurements exhibited a relative shift to smaller particle sizes for an increase of T-w in the range 7-11 degrees C. The differences in the shape of the number size distributions between winter and summer may be caused by different production of organic material in water, different local processes modifying the water masses within the fjord (for example sea ice production in winter and increased glacial meltwater inflow during summer) and different origin of the dominant sea water mass. Further research is needed regarding the contribution of these factors to the PMA production.