Insights into the enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of hydrothermally controlled hematite nanostructures for proficient solar water oxidation

In this paper, we focus on the controlled growth mechanism of -Fe2O3 nanostructures via the hydrothermal method. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results reveal that at a lower hydrothermal time, the initial nucleation involves the formation of short and thin -FeOOH nanorods. The subsequent increase in the hydrothermal time leads -FeOOH to form thicker and longer nanorods. However, high-temperature quenching (HTQ) at 800 degrees C for 10 min causes the conversion of akaganeite to the hematite phase and activation of hematite by Sn4+ diffusion from a FTO substrate. Sn4+ diffusion from the FTO substrate to the hematite nanostructure was elaborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). An -Fe2O3 nanorod photoanode prepared by a hydrothermal reaction for 3 h and HTQ exhibits the highest photocurrent density of 1.04 mA cm(-2). The excellent photoelectrochemical performance could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the optimum growth of -Fe2O3 nanorod arrays and Sn4+ diffusion. Intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) studies revealed that the -Fe2O3 photoanodes prepared at 3 h and HTQ exhibited a long electron lifetime (132.69 ms), and contribute to the enhanced PEC performance. The results confirmed that the controlled growth of the -FeOOH nanorods, as well as Sn4+ diffusion, played a key role in charge transfer during the photoelectrochemical application. The charge transfer mechanisms in -Fe2O3 nanostructure photoanodes prepared at different hydrothermal times and high-temperature quenching are also investigated.