Resistance of HIV-infected macrophages to CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated killing drives activation of the immune system

CD4(+) T lymphocytes are the principal target of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but infected macrophages also contribute to viral pathogenesis. The killing of infected cells by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) leads to control of viral replication. Here we found that the killing of macrophages by CTLs was impaired relative to the killing of CD4(+) T cells by CTLs, and this resulted in inefficient suppression of HIV. The killing of macrophages depended on caspase-3 and granzyme B, whereas the rapid killing of CD4(+) T cells was caspase independent and did not require granzyme B. Moreover, the impaired killing of macrophages was associated with prolonged effector cell-target cell contact time and higher expression of interferon-gamma by CTLs, which induced macrophage production of pro-inflammatory chemokines that recruited monocytes and T cells. Similar results were obtained when macrophages presented other viral antigens, suggestive of a general mechanism for macrophage persistence as antigen-presenting cells that enhance inflammation and adaptive immunity. Inefficient killing of macrophages by CTLs might contribute to chronic inflammation, a hallmark of chronic disease caused by HIV.