Poor modules with no proper poor direct summands

As a mean to provide intrinsic characterizations of poor modules, the notion of a pauper module is introduced. A module is a pauper if it is poor and has no proper poor direct summand We show that not all rings have pauper modules and explore conditions for their existence. In addition, we ponder the role of paupers in the characterization of poor modules over those rings that do have them by considering two possible types of ubiquity: one according to which every poor module contains a pauper direct summand and a second one according to which every poor module contains a pauper as a pure submodule. The second condition holds for the ring of integers and is just as significant as the first one for Noetherian rings since, in that context, modules having poor pure submodules must themselves be poor. It is shown that the existence of paupers is equivalent to the Noetherian condition for rings with no middle class As indecomposable poor modules are pauper, we study rings with no indecomposable right middle class (i.e. the ring whose indecomposable right modules are pauper or injective). We show that semiartinian V-rings satisfy this property and also that a commutative Noetherian ring R has no indecomposable middle class if and only if R is the direct product of finitely many fields and at most one ring of composition length 2. Structure theorems are also provided for rings without indecomposable middle class when the rings are Artinian serial or right Artinian. Rings for which not having an indecomposable middle class suffices not to have a middle class include commutative Noetherian and Artinian serial rings. The structure of poor modules is completely determined over commutative hereditary Noetherian rings. Pauper Abelian groups with torsion-free rank one are fully characterized. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.