α -hederin induces autophagic cell death in colorectal cancer cells through reactive oxygen species dependent AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway activation

alpha-hederin, a monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponin, had previously demonstrated strong anticancer effects. In the current study, the pharmacological mechanism of autophagic cell death induced by alpha-hederin was investigated in human colorectal cancer cells. First, through cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays, it was demonstrated that alpha-hederin could inhibit the proliferation of HCT116 and HCT8 cell. Results of flow cytometry using fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V/propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258 staining indicated that alpha-hederin could induce apoptosis. Western blotting demonstrated that alpha-hederin could activate mitochondrial apoptosis signal pathway. Then, using light chain 3 lentiviral and electron microscope assay, it was demonstrated that alpha-hederin could induce autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. In addition, immunohistochemistry results from in vivo experiments also demonstrated that alpha-hederin could induce autophagy. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was demonstrated to be activated by alpha-hederin, which could be blocked by reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor NAC. Furthermore, NAC could inhibit apoptosis and autophagy induced by alpha-hederin. Finally, 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) reduced the inhibition of alpha-hederin on cell activity, but it had no significant effect on apoptosis. In conclusion, alpha-hederin triggered apoptosis through ROS-activated mitochondrial signaling pathway and autophagic cell death through ROS dependent AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway activation in colorectal cancer cells.