Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Care: A Review of Culprits and Potential Solutions

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for white and black Americans. Despite the presence of therapies that improve survival and quality of life in cardiac patients, African-Americans continue to have the worst heart disease survival rates of all racial groups. The literature has described racial disparities in cardiovascular care for at least 25 years. We review the current status of racial disparities in four areas of cardiovascular care: automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) implantations in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation in patients with severely depressed left ventricular function and refractory heart failure, reperfusion therapy in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction, and revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia. We will discuss potential culprits for these disparities with a particular focus on hospital quality, physician bias, and the relative lack of diversity among cardiovascular physicians in the USA. Finally, we will discuss strategies already in progress that hold promise to reduce or eliminate racial disparities in cardiovascular care.