Motivational cost aspects of physical education in middle school students

Expectancy value theory presumes that learners' motivation is determined by their expectancy beliefs and task values associated with learning tasks. This study examined students' cost and its relation to expectancy beliefs, other task value components in physical education. Middle school students (N=593) from 11 schools completed the expectancy-value questionnaire. Qualitative analysis of students' responses to open-ended questions showed motivational cost originated from curriculum content, instructional conditions/elements, physical discomfort, lack of social support and competence and teacher factors. Chi-square analysis suggests that students' motivational cost is associated with their hypothetical choices of attending physical education. Motivational cost was found to be negatively associated with other task value components, but not with expectancy beliefs.