Functional nanoparticles through π-conjugated polymer self-assembly

pi-Conjugated polymers possess a wide range of useful electronic and optical properties. This Review focuses on the preparation of self-assembled nanoparticles from these materials and their applications in areas such as optoelectronics, biomedical imaging and therapy, photocatalysis and sensing. The development of pi-conjugated polymers has provided a gateway to a variety of new functional organic materials reminiscent of inorganic semiconductors. Nanoparticles based on pi-conjugated polymers are promising for a broad range of emerging applications. In this Review, we provide an overview of the methods used to synthesize pi-conjugated-polymer nanoparticles, with a focus on recently developed self-assembly and microfluidic routes. We also illustrate the use of the resulting nanoparticles in applications such as electronics and optoelectronics, biomedical imaging and therapy, photocatalysis and sensing. Finally, we discuss current challenges and possible directions for future research on this promising class of nanomaterials.